Aristotle, 384 BC-322 BC - Aristotle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
...It is the opinion of many that Aristotle's system of thought remains the most influential one ever put together by any single mind. According to historian Will Durant, no other philosopher has contributed so much to the enlightenment of the world. He single-handedly founded the sciences of Logic, Biology and Psychology...
Ethics
Politics: A Treatise on Government

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951 - Ludwig Wittgenstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677 - Baruch Spinoza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
....Albert Einstein named Spinoza as the philosopher who exerted the most influence on his world view (Weltanschauung). Spinoza equated God (infinite substance) with Nature, consistent with Einstein's belief in an impersonal deity. In 1929, Einstein was asked in a telegram by Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein whether he believed in God. Einstein responded by telegram: "I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings."....
Ethics

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900 - Friedrich Nietzsche - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"God is dead."
Thus Spake Zarathustra - A book for all and none
The Antichrist

Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 - Immanuel Kant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Critique of Pure Reason
The Critique of Practical Reason